The use of conceptual and theoretical frameworks provides a foundation from which generalizable implementation knowledge can be advanced. For this article, we begin by discussing each recommendation within the context of frameworks broadly, followed by specific examples using the Exploration, Preparation, Implementation, Sustainment (EPIS) framework. Ideally, a framework(s) would be applied to each of the recommendations. The recommendations have been written in the rough chronological order of an implementation effort however, we understand these may vary depending on the project or context: (1) select a suitable framework(s), (2) establish and maintain community stakeholder engagement and partnerships, (3) define issue and develop research or evaluation questions and hypotheses, (4) develop an implementation mechanistic process model or logic model, (5) select research and evaluation methods (6) determine implementation factors/determinants, (7) select and tailor, or develop, implementation strategy(s), (8) specify implementation outcomes and evaluate implementation, (9) use a framework(s) at micro level to conduct and tailor implementation, and (10) write the proposal and report.
To guide this application, outlined are ten recommendations for using implementation frameworks across the implementation process. This includes both in implementation science research studies and in real-world implementation projects. Ideally, an implementation framework, or multiple frameworks should be used prior to and throughout an implementation effort. As such, this article aims to provide recommendations to enhance the application of implementation frameworks, for implementation researchers, intermediaries, and practitioners. Recent reviews of the use and application of implementation frameworks in implementation efforts highlight the limited use of frameworks, despite the value in doing so.
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